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Introduction

 

Singapore in the past half a century has added on 22% of its land area, through land reclamation. Examples of reclaimed land in Singapore include Changi Airport, the Marina Bay area and parts of Sentosa Island. Using mainly landfill, Singapore came to agreements with Malaysia and Indonesia to get sand from their countries, while also using dredged material as a landfill. 

 

 

 

Soft cohesive soils are usually obtained during dredging for land reclamation projects. However, they are usually to damp and soft to be used for land reclamation. Therefore, chemical additives are usually added to harden the soft cohesive soils (SCS) However, these chemical additives are usually not cost-efficient and expensive, as well as they take too long to dry up the SCS. Therefore, we want to find a suitable replacement for the current solutions available.

Limitations of the current solutions are:

 

Mixing marine clay and cement takes too long

 

GGBS (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag) is too expensive (not cost efficient)

Some of the chemicals already being used:

  • Cement

  • Calcium Oxide (CaO)

  • Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4)

  • Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)

  • Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3)

  • Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

  • Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Their Prices:

  • „Cement:US $70-72 / Metric Ton

  • „Calcium Oxide:US $241-1400 / Metric Ton

  • „Calcium Sulfate:US $20000-100000 /Metric Ton

  • „Sodium Sulfate:US $83-90 / Metric Ton

  • „Sodium Silicate:US $250-280 / Metric Ton

  • „Calcium Chloride:US $125-155 / Metric Ton

  • „Sodium Hydroxide:US $410-420 / Metric Ton

Their Similarities:

  • „Alkaline in nature (above pH 7)

  • „Soluble in water

  • „Solid at room temperature

  • „Formed by ionic bonding

  • „Have high boiling points

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